Lewis and Clark Expedition

          Louisiana was the vast land of about 280,000 square miles to the west of the 13 U.S. states. It possesses parts of today’s states of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas.

 Before the 1800s, the Spanish owned the land. But in 1800, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of it hoping to establish a brand new, out of the package, empire.

          Americans were worried that Napoleon would take over. Napoleon’s empire was very strong and America had barely won their war against Great Britain. Finally, President Thomas Jefferson decided what to do. His decision was to buy the land.

          In 1803, the land was bought. The price was about 15 million dollars. This would be a very small price for that much land, but during that time one cent was worth 28 of today’s dollars. This purchase was known as the Louisiana Purchase. Thomas didn’t want to just quickly go ahead and make towns and cities in the land because of the hostile Indians. He decided on an expedition. Captain Meriwether Lewis volunteered and Tom chose him. Lewis agreed and brought along with him his companion, Lieutenant William Clark.

          On May 14th, 1804, the expedition began. On August 20^th, 1804, Charles Floyd a member of the expedition died from a sickness. Charles was the only man of the 33 men to die.

          During the whole expedition, Lewis and Clark befriended with 24 Indian tribes.

The expedition sometimes had trouble with the tribes that they met such as the Sioux tribe. The expedition was just trying to pass through their territory to get to a different place, but they wouldn’t let them. The Sioux were very warlike, aggressive, and powerful. Soon both sides were starting to come close to fighting.  Once one of Lewis’s and Clark’s horses were stolen and they believed that the Sioux did it. It stayed this way like for a while so Lewis and lark decided to move on.

In the winter of 1804 to 1805, the men built fort Mandan. At that fort they met Toussaint Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea. They helped as Indian translators for when speaking to other tribes.    

          Before the men and woman passed through the Continental Divide, they split up into two teams because they both wanted to explore different places. Before they met again, one of the hunters thought that maybe that the moving thing in the woods was an elk so he shot. He was wrong. It was actually Lewis. Lewis was injured in the thigh.

          Finally on March 22^nd, they finished their goal by reaching the Pacific Ocean. They made all their maps and started to go home. Finally, in 1806, they reached St. Louis and the expedition ended.

The Purchaser of the Louisiana Purchase

On April 13^th, 1743, a boy’s name became Thomas Jefferson because his parents named him that.

His father’s name was Peter Jefferson. Peter was a very rich man, whose property was very vast. He named the property Shadwell. In 1739, Peter married Jane Randolph. 

Thomas had five sisters and four other brothers named from youngest to oldest: Randolph, Anna Scott, Lucy, an unnamed son, Peter Field, Martha, Thomas, Mary, and Jane.

Thomas was a very lively boy. He loved books, literature, and his fiddle¹. The property they lived on had many buildings on it such as cabins, stables, and barns. He would often hide in the cabins when he was playing hide and seek or when he wanted to be alone². On rainy days, he would have a duet with his sister, Jane. In the duet, Tom would play his fiddle while Jane was playing her harpsichord.

By the time Tom was 14, his father died. When he died, Tom became the head of the house.

Thomas studied and took his duties very seriously. Because of his seriously done school work, by the time he was 16 ,he was ready to go to college. His college was the William and Mary College, which was in Williamsburg, Virginia. Tom liked to read and study so he liked college very much. Jefferson was often invited to the governor’s palace because the governor liked people who were smart.

Tom was interested into politics, mainly because Mr. Wythe, a famous lawyer, often came to the governor’s palace to talk about it. Once he finally graduated in 1762, He asked Mr. Wythe to train him to become a lawyer. Tom spent the next five years with Mr. Wythe studying about martial law, Speaking and reading well, studying history, and listening in courts.

One day in 1765, when the revolution was starting to form, Tom was strolling down the street. He was heading to the capitol building and heard angry voices inside. A heavy tax was put on the Americans. Americans weren’t allowed to vote on laws so they were just ordered to pay them. Then Tom’s friend, Patrick Henry stood up and stated that the men in the colonies were free men and that they had the right to vote on laws. Thomas agreed with everything that Patrick said and he later wrote the quote, “The God who gave us life gave us liberty at the same time.”

Thomas wanted his own house. He chose the top of a hill where could see green pastures in every direction. He spent weeks on his drawing board making designs for his future home using ancient Greek and Roman models.

He after met Martha Skelton and got married. The happy family lived in a little cottage while their new home was being built. Later, the mansion was built and it was named it Monticello.

          The English parliament was starting send more taxes to America. Thomas and his friends wanted America to be free from Britain. So in 1774, the first Continental Congress took place in Philadelphia. The representatives decided to make the suggestion of not buying anything that came from England.

Soon, America was starting to prepare for war against England. In a special meeting at the House of Burgesses, Patrick Henry stood up and spoke the famous quote, “Give me liberty or give me death.”  

In 1776, the second Continental Congress took place in Philadelphia. Tom went but didn’t want to go because his wife was under the weather. The ride to Philadelphia took 10 days. When he got there, they were already quarreling about what to do. Finally, they decided to declare their independence against Britain.  

 

They decided on making a Declaration of independence. Thomas wanted John Adams to do it, but John replied that Tom’s handwriting was 10 times better than his.

Thomas rented a little room to write the declaration in. On July 4^th 1776, the 13 states finally declared their independence by signing the declaration. On the same day, Thomas went to a store and bought a doll³ for his daughter, Patsy Jefferson.

Finally in 1781, the Revolutionary war had ended and the Americans won. At Monticello, Martha was getting worse from her sickness. About a year after the war ended, Martha died.

Although Tom liked school, his daughter Patsy did not as much. Thomas had to go to Paris, France to do some ambassador work. Patsy was to go to a school in Annapolis. But soon, Patsy got a letter from her father saying that Patsy was going to Paris with him.

When they arrived, Patsy felt very happy until Tom told her that tomorrow was her first day in a French School.

Americans didn’t come to France that often, so many people were asking Thomas and Patsy questions about America. Those questions were mostly about weird rumors such as, “do monsters roam the streets?”

          In 1796, John Adams was elected as the second president of the U.S.

          In the election of 1800, Adams lost to Thomas Jefferson. Thomas moved into the White House because it is where the president is supposed to live.

          His daughter, Patsy, now with six children, thought that Tom was very lonely. She decided to move into the White House to live.

When Thomas was president, he was trying to decide on what to do with the land to the west of the U.S. The land was called Louisiana. It was ruled by the Spanish until in 1802; Emperor Napoleon of France then took Louisiana from Spain for France.

Thomas became paranoid that Napoleon was going to take the U.S. from him, so he asked an American Ambassador in France to buy Louisiana from him. Napoleon said “yes” for 15 million dollars, which would be about 140 million dollars in today’s dollars.

Thomas wanted some maps of Louisiana. He asked Captain Meriwether Lewis to make an expedition in Louisiana. Lewis went and took with him none other than Lieutenant William Clark. The expedition lasted about two years. When they got back they told Tom about everything that happened. They had visited many Indian tribes to convince them to become citizens of the U.S.

Most of them agreed. The ones that didn’t, Thomas invited to a feast to show that we would be friendly to them.

In 1809, Thomas Jefferson retired to Monticello. Later, he built The University of Virginia. After that in 1826, he died in Monticello.

 ¹ Cottler, Joseph. Thomas Jefferson. Evanston, Illinois:

          Row, Peterson and Company, 1950.

²Cottler, Joseph. Thomas Jefferson. Evanston, Illinois:

          Row, Peterson and Company, 1950.

³Cottler, Joseph. Thomas Jefferson. Evanston, Illinois:

          Row, Peterson and Company, 1950.

The Continental Navy

                Starting in 1775, during the American Revolution, John Adams decided to help establish a navy for the US. He decided to do it because Britain had the best navy in the world and America didn’t have a navy at all. They named it the Continental Navy.

          On December 22, 1775, Congress chose Esek Hopins to be commander in chief of the brand new Continental Navy. The Alfred, Columbus, Andrew Doria, and the Cabot were the first ships of the navy.

          Before the American flag was made, the Continental Navy’s flag was a flag that had red and white stripes. In front of the stripes was a rattlesnake and the words,” Don’t tread on me.”

The Continental Navy mainly sunk and captured British merchant ships and brought the items to the American army. In this way, the British army didn’t get the items they needed.

          The Continental Navy was a small navy. It only had about 27 ships against the 200 British ships. But it was a strong navy. Only 11 of the 27 ships were sunk or captured, but 200 British merchant ships were either sunk or captured.                                            

Mr. Sailor, John Paul Jones

          In the year of 1747, John Paul Jones was born in in Scotland. John had an older sister named Olag and had a younger sister and brother named Edmund and Emilia. His parents’ names were John Paul and Jean

          As a child he was fascinated with the ships that sail the sea and he wanted to become a sailor. At the age of 12, his father, who was a gardener, allowed him to sail on a merchant ship named Friendship.

          The captain’s name was John Younger. John Younger traded with Virginia, which at the time was owned by England.

          Jones was a ship’s boy, who is a young boy who works on the ship. He had many jobs that he didn’t like that much such as scrubbing the decks and helping the cook. He also cleaned the captain’s cabin and ran errands. He also had other jobs that he enjoyed, such as cleaning the guns and several time he steered the big wheel, which navigated the ship.

           When the ship docked, Jones visited his brother, who lived in America. In the next few years, Jones visited America more often because it was his favorite country.

          In a couple of years, John Younger quit the company so John Paul lost his job. He was then appointed as an officer of the British Navy. He then thought that he wouldn’t be successful and became an actor, but he didn’t like that either. He decided to work on a slave boat. He hated the job because he hated to see the suffering of the slaves.

           He then decided to go back to Scotland on a ship named John. He had a weird voyage. The captain died of fever so John Paul became the captain of the ship because he was most likely to bring them to Scotland. Once he got home, the crew was thankful.

          On one of his voyages, John noticed a man sleeping while he was supposed to be working. John ordered him to get whipped because at the time it was the thing that you’re supposed to do when sailors weren’t working. That sailor later joined a different crew and died of the same fever as the captain had.

The sailors on John’s ship heard what happened and made rumors that he died because of the whipping. The crew became mutinous. All the loyal people that John could trust were sick.

The leader of the rebellious crew held a big club and started charging at John. John drew his sword in defense ,although he didn’t want to kill him. John accidentally killed him. 

After this happened, he decided to give up his job and left to America.

America was beginning to rebel against England. America needed a navy because England had the best navy in the world. John was one of the first captains in the American Navy. He  suggested many good changes to the navy.

John’s ship was a little ship called the Alfred. It was not very good for open battles.

He was a great captain. He helped bring ammunition to the American army and sunk or captured many British merchant ships which were bringing helpful items to the British army. Later, he was given command of the Ranger.       

Later in 1778, he docked near the shore close to Britain in order to set fire to many ships. He planned to leave by midnight by rowboat but since the tides were rough, he didnt arrive until morning. When they landed, they first raided a fort and made the guns in the fort not work. Next, they burnt down the ships and came back to their escape boats and escaped.  When the war ended, Jones joined the Russian Navy. He died in Paris in 1791.

Johnny Adams

          In 1735, John Adams was born into the Adams family.  His parents’ names were Susanna and John Adams. He had two brothers named Peter and Elihu Adams.

          When he was 16 years old ,he started going to Harvard University. Four years later, he graduated from Harvard in 1755. He became a school teacher. He thought it was boring and so became a lawyer.

          When he was 28 years old, he got married to Abigail Adams.  

          John was sent to the first and second Continental Congress where he nominated George Washington to be Commander in Chief of the American army. From 1789 to 1807, he was President Washington’s vice president.

          From 1797 to 1801, John Adams was the second president of the United States. During his presidency, he made many hard decisions. In fact, thanks to John Adams, America stayed at peace with France.

          In the election of 1800, John lost to Thomas Jefferson. In 1801, John left the White House and went to live in Quincy, Massachusetts. On July 4^th, 1826, John Adams died at Quincy.

Abigail the Adams

In 1744, Abigale Adams was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts.  She had 3 siblings: two sisters named Elizabeth and Mary, and one brother named William. Abigail’s parents were named William and Elizabeth Smith.

Like most girls at the time, she didn’t go to school. Her dad was an owner of a library so she taught herself history, language arts and literature.

In 1764, she married John Adams, who later became the second president. She became known as “The First Lady”, because she was the first lady to live in the white house.  She knew much about politics so John Adams used Abigail as his advisor.

On July 14^th, 1765, Abigail Adams had her first child. It was a girl. They named her Abigail Adams, too. At the time, people would call their children after their own names more than today. She had five children. In order from oldest to youngest it was Abigail, John Quincy, who became the sixth president, Susana, who died in infancy, and Thomas Adams.

In the revolution, John helped govern America, so he couldn’t be at home. While John was helping govern, Abigail had to stay home to take care of the kids. John needed her help, so they would often write letters to each other about politics and such. 

In the election of 1800, John Adams lost to his rival, Thomas Jefferson. When they lost, they had to leave the White House. On October 28^th, 1818, Abigail Adams died in Quincy, Massachusetts.  

 

The French and Indian War

          From 1754 to 1763, the French and Indian War raged. It was caused by the French and Indians claiming the Ohio valley, which the English claimed, too. In Europe, the war was called the Seven Years War.

           In the war, the Indians allied with the French and England fought with the American colonists, who were English at the time.

          When it began, the English had to learn how the French fought. The French fought in the trees and took cover behind something. The English fought right in the open. For example, in 1775, General Braddock was sent to a fort along with a lot of English troops. While they were marching, in the trees were French and Indians waiting for The English. When the English came in sight, they opened fire. The British couldn’t see them but the French could see the British. This event caused Braddock and the English troops to lose their lives, but George Washington and a few others survived.

General Braddock

          Like in the Revolution, at first the English weren’t doing very well in the starting battles. Many big casualties happened to the English. One of the biggest was the battle of Fort McHenry, which ended with a massacre where Indians killed all the remaining English.

          In 1758, the luck for the English flipped and the Indians, who were allied with the French, joined the British. The French got frustrated and surrendered in 1763.

Mr. George Washington

          In February 22^nd, 1732, George Washington was born in Virginia. He was born in an English family because at the time there was no United States. George had three brothers and one sister. His family was very wealthy. His dad even owned 10,000 acres.

George was a strong man. Once he was watching a wrestling championship and somebody won. When the person won, George challenged the champion and George defeated him.

          Washington wanted to fight in the army. Once he decided to join the English navy, but thankfully he decided not to do so. In 1754, he joined the English in the French and Indian War. This war was caused by the French and Indians claiming the Ohio Valley and The English wanted to take it.  In 1758 the war stopped. In the next year he married Martha Washington.

          George didn’t like America being ruled by the English. The English put high taxes on Americans and gave them less freedom. The Americans wanted freedom. So in 1775 George Washington became a commander of the American army. In 1776 the revolution began. The American didn’t do well in the war, at first. The Americans weren’t good at fighting. They were fighting against the strongest army in the world at the time. 

          The Americans thought they wouldn’t win. They were losing battle after battle. Washington wanted to encourage them. So on the night of December 24^th, George and the army had a plan. They planned to cross the Delaware River, march to Trenton and capture the Hessians while they’re celebrating Christmas. Hessians were Germans fighting with the English.

          Soon enough, the plan took place. In December 25^th, 1776, they crossed the Delaware and marched to Trenton. The Hessians were celebrating Christmas. The commander of the army was named Rall. Rall really liked playing cards and drinking. While the American army was marching to Trenton, he was just playing cards.  While he was playing, he was handed a note. The note actually said to watch out for George but he was having too much fun so he didn’t even read the note. Sure enough, the next day, all the 500 hessians were captured by the Americans. After this, there was more hope of winning the war.

          In 1783 the French joined the Americans and the British surrendered. America won the war.

          In 1789, George was elected as our first president. Everybody thought he was going to be a king. When George was called king, he got mad and said that he was not a king, he was a president. On December 14^th, 1799, he died at his house.

 

Franklins useful inventions

                                               Bifocals

        Franklin invented bifocals in 1784. Bifocals are glasses with an upper and lower half. The upper half is for distance and the lower half is for reading. They are mainly made for people with presbyopia.

 

 

Electricity

Of course, Benjamin didn’t invent electricity. He just discovered that lightning was electricity. One day in a thunder storm, he flew a kite with metal attached to it. He could not see it in the storm, but lightning struck the metal. He gave up but then he noticed that the strings on the rope were standing up. And to prove that he touched the electrified metal with another metal and it created a spark.

Lightning rod

          Ben learned how destructive lightning can be, so he he set about to protect houses from lightning strikes. He invented the lightning rod. The lightning rod is a metal rod put at the top of a house to protect it from burning down and to protect the people from electrocution. Connected to the bottom of the rod is a wire that goes from the rod down the house and harmlessly into the ground.

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Franklin Stove

          In colonial America, homes were warmed by fire places instead of heaters. Those fireplaces went out quickly and created a lot of smoke. Then Franklin invented the Franklin stove. The Franklin stove was a fireplace that was set in the middle of the room instead of the wall. It was made of iron and created less smoke. Its iron walls absorb the heat and stay warm for a long time after the fire went out.

 

 

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Swim Fins

          At the young age of 11, Benjamin Franklin created swim fins that go on your hands. They made him go faster, but he was not satisfied with them, because the fins caused his hands to get exhausted.

Armonica

          The armonica is an instrument named after the word, harmony. It has 37 bowls standing vertically. When the rims of the bowls are touched, it will make a musical sound.

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Odometer

          Although odometers were invented in ancient times, Ben made his own version of them. He was always curious of how far he travels on land, so he created the device to measure the distance he traveled.

Long Arm

          Benjamin loved books, but getting books on high shelves was a challenge. In 1786, he created the long arm. It is just a wooden pole with a mechanical grasping hand at the end.

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          Benjamin Franklin was a great scientist and inventor. He cared for the people and keeping them safe. Some our newer inventions even come from his work.

Benjamin Franklin -the Sciencey and Printy Man

          In January 17, 1706, Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston. In Benjamin’s family there were 17 kids! Ben was the third youngest because he had two little sisters.

Benjamin loved books. Back then there were not any public schools or text books, so he educated himself by reading books.

          In 1718, he began looking for a job. At first, he wanted to become a cutler. His parents wanted his cousin to teach him, but he wanted a high price that the Franklins couldn’t afford. Then he, became a printer with his brother James. Ben loved printing but not with James. James would always beat Ben and abuse him without cause. When he was 17, he decided to leave his job and find a job at New York.

          There was not many good jobs in New York. At one printing shop, he was told that there were good jobs in Philadelphia so he went there. In Philadelphia, he was very hungry so he bought three giant loafs of bread for three pennies. At that time money was worth more. For example, a penny back then could buy the same as 28 dollars today!

          While he was walking down a street eating the bread, a woman named Deborah laughed at him because he looked so goofy. Later, Benjamin married Deborah and had some kids. Ben was strolling toward a Quaker meeting house. Benjamin was a Quaker. During the meeting, he didn’t pay much attention because he was sleeping.

          Benjamin found a printing shop to work at and he stayed at a boarding house which was owned by the father of Deborah. Ben became the greatest person in Philadelphia. For 25 years he wrote an almanac once a year called “Poor Richard’s Almanac”. He also wrote a lot of other books and articles.

          In 1757, he came back to Boston and then went to London, England, to start a printing shop or maybe start a newspaper.

          Around 1780, he started helping the American Revolution. He also became an ambassador to France and helped to convince France to join America’s side in the Revolution. When he was about eighty, he signed the constitution.  In April 1790, now 84, years old, he died in Philadelphia.  

          Benjamin Franklin was a great man. He was a good inventor, scientist, and printer man. He made some sayings such as “A penny saved is a penny earned” and “Early to sleep and early to rise makes a person healthy, wealthy and wise.” Even today, we use his inventions and sayings.

Salem Witch Trials

                We all know what witches are. The fake warty girls with flying brooms that brew potions and cast spells. But in the 1600s, everyone thought that they were real.

          In 1692, in Salem, which is in New England, two girls, who were nine and eleven, started playing weirdly. First, they were acting crazy and their dad, Samuel Paris, got worried about them. He got the doctor and the doctor thought that they were cursed by witches. Even doctors believed in witches. At present day doctors would instantly find out that the girls were faking, but this doctor was wrong.

          The girls liked the attention. The girls accused an old Indian woman of witchcraft. She was put on trial to see if she was a witch. They said that if she bit her lip, she was biting everyone. Also, they said that when she laid on the ground screaming she was crushing them. She was hung. Soon, the girls started accusing more people and older girls joined the girls. Soon other people started accusing everybody. For example, a dad accused his own wife.

          The people would beat the accused people until they would lie and say that they were a witch so they would stop beating them. Some would not admit it and were killed or sent to jail. Also, some that had confessed felt bad about lying and so took back what they said.

          This whole horribleness lasted for about a year. About 19 people were hung. One was pressed to death and four died in jail.  Then, the people regained their senses. Jail doors were open and the people stopped believing in witches. The two girls were never punished for what they had done, but one of them confessed later in life. Many people were hung and sent to jail. Some were even brave enough to get killed rather than to lie.

Roger Williams

          In 1603, Roger Williams was born in England.  He was a Christian. In December, 1629, he married Mary.

         When he was 26 years old, he became a minister. During that time, Charles I was the king of England and he did not like ministers thinking for themselves about religion. Charles wanted the Church of England to be more Catholic and ordered that anyone that spoke against him would be thrown in jail or executed.

        In 1631, Roger and Mary left England and landed in the colony of Massachusetts, which was owned by England. Roger and Mary thought that there was religious freedom there. However, they were wrong. Roger was sent to trial and the jury’s verdict was guilty of heresy and he was banished from Massachusetts.

        Roger decided to make a new colony in the land of Rhode Island. He left for it but Mary stayed in Massachusetts until Roger built the colony. In 1636, he founded the colony of Providence. Providence in the present day is located in the city of Providence, which is the capital of Rhode Island.

        Roger asked the King of England for permission for him to be governor of the colony and the King said, “Yes.”  Williams decided to put religious freedom in his colony so the people can have whatever religion they want. Roger was a minister but made little money ministering so he got money by trading with Indians.

        The people of Massachusetts thought that Providence wasn’t going to last long, but instead it was never destroyed. Once 3000 people landed in Massachusetts and most of them went to Providence.

In 1683, he died in Providence. Roger Williams was a great man. He built the colony of Rhode Island and made the first colony in America with religious freedom.

New Netherland

 

 

          

In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson discovered the land, which is southern New York. In 1633, the Dutch West India Company took the land for the fur trade. Shortly after setting up camp, Peter Minuit traded trinkets to the Indians for Manhattan, which at present day is New York City. They called the land New Amsterdam.

New Netherland didn’t make their own laws. Instead the Dutch West India Company hired governors to come to come to New Netherland to make the laws. One of the most famous governors was Peter Stuyvesant, who I’ve already talked about.

          In England, when Charles II came to the throne, the English became interested in the Dutch colonies. In 1644, Charles II sent a powerful military unit to New Netherland and Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender. Charles II gave the land of New York to his brother, the Duke of York. Some Dutch were able to stay there and became citizens of New York

          The Dutch left some cultural contributions such as Santa Claus and Easter eggs. The Dutch citizens began telling the English about Santa and Easter Eggs. The way we know about it is because the English became Americans and they started telling a lot of people.

            

 

Peter Stuyvesant

 

          In 1592 Peter Stuyvesant was born in Holland. He lived a life of commanding and conquering forts. When he was old, he was a chubby man, who had a wooden leg. He got the wooden leg when he went to conquer the Spanish island of Saint Martin in April, 1644.  He lost his leg due to a cannon ball.

 

 

          From 1642-1644, he worked for the West India Company. From 1647 to 1655, he was the governor of New Amsterdam, which was in present day New York. New Amsterdam was a colony run by the Dutch Republic.  In 1655, he conquered New Sweden, which at present day is on the border between New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Sadly, in 1664, the English began to attack and Peter had to surrender New Netherland.

 

          Since he wasn’t powerful and rich anymore, the English let him stay on his bowery, which is a Dutch word for farm.   Later at the age of 80, he died of old age and was buried in the church, which was on his bowery.

 

          Peter Stuyvesant was a good guy. He was honest and did his best for New Amsterdam. He even made one of the first fire companies. His company inspected buildings and chimneys which could start fires. He cared a lot for his colony.

 

 

 

       

 

                                                    New Netherland                  

 

           

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Did you know, that Governor Hamilton Fish

 was descended from Stuyvesant?